Table 4 Renal Function

Feldt et al. [2014]

Cross-sectional: exposed e-waste worker (EWW) vs unexposed control group (CG), Ghana, October 2011

Overall n = 117 participants

75 EWW (13 females, 62 males)

42 residents as CG (8 females, 34 males)

Questionnaire & interview incl. Medical-, socio-demographic information

Short physical examination

Urine samples

Clinical symptoms (occurring in the last 4 weeks) such as cough, chest pain and dizziness/vertigo were reported significantly more frequently in e-waste workers compared to controls.

Neitzel et al. [2020]

Cross-sectional: exposed e-waste worker (EWW), Thailand, July 2016

Overall n = 119/120* EWW (n = 58 female, n = 61 male)

* n = differing information for overall participants

Questionnaire incl. Socio-demographic information and self-reported health status

Blood & urine samples with concentrations of calcium (Ca), creatinine, metal levels (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn); GFR, FECa%

Health & anthropometic measurements

Blood levels of cadmium and lead were significantly higher in males. Regression analysis of urinary GFR and lead among informal EWW showed a significant positive correlation.