Table 9 Risk of bias assessment
From: Bridging the knowledge gap! Health outcomes in informal e-waste workers
Study | Internal validity – bias | Internal validity – confounder | Perfor-mance bias | Detection bias | Attrition bias | Reporting bias | Selection bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Igharo et al. [2018] | high | low | low | high | low | low | high |
Armah et al. [2019] | low | low | low | high | low | low | high |
Eguchi et al. [2015] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Zheng et al. [2017] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Nti et al. [2020] | low | high | low | low | low | low | high |
Yuan et al. [2008] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Wang, H et al. [2010] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Kuntawee et al. [2020] | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
Wang, Y et al. [2018] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Yohannessen et al. [2019] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Fischer et al. [2020] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Burns et al. [2016] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Feldt et al. [2014] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Igharo et al. [2020] | high | high | low | low | low | low | high |
Zhao et al. [2021] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Carlson et al. [2021] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Neitzel et al. [2020] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Acquah et al. [2021] | low | high | low | high | low | low | high |
Eguchi et al. [2014] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Mishra [2019] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | low | low | low | n.a. |
Ohajinwa et al. [2017] | low | low | low | high | low | low | high |
Seith et al. [2019] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Adusei et al. [2020] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Burns et al. [2019] | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Decharat [2018] | high | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Acquah et al. [2021] | low | high | low | high | low | low | high |
high risk count | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
share of high risk | 12% | 15% | 0 | 19% | 0 | 0 | 92% |